Forcing a Group Policy Refresh with PowerShell and SCCM

<#
.SYNOPSIS
    Forces a Group Policy refresh on the local device and reports whether it worked.
.DESCRIPTION
    Checks that the device is domain-joined and still trusts the domain, then runs
    gpupdate /force (or a lighter changes-only refresh) for the target you choose, answering "No" to any logoff or reboot
    prompt so nothing gets bounced mid-afternoon. Returns an object with the exit code
    and the tail of gpupdate's output, and exits non-zero on failure so ConfigMgr
    reports it correctly.
.PARAMETER Target
    Computer, User or Both. User policy only makes sense when the script runs as the
    signed-in user, not as SYSTEM.
.PARAMETER WaitSeconds
    How long gpupdate waits for policy processing to finish before returning.
.PARAMETER ChangedOnly
    Skip /force and apply only settings that changed. Much lighter on domain
    controllers when you're hitting a whole collection.
.PARAMETER SkipSecureChannelCheck
    Don't test the computer's trust relationship with the domain first.
.EXAMPLE
    .\Invoke-GroupPolicyRefresh.ps1
.EXAMPLE
    .\Invoke-GroupPolicyRefresh.ps1 -Target Both -WaitSeconds 300 -WhatIf
#>
[CmdletBinding(SupportsShouldProcess)]
param(
    [ValidateSet('Computer', 'User', 'Both')]
    [string]$Target = 'Computer',
    [ValidateRange(0, 3600)]
    [int]$WaitSeconds = 120,
    [switch]$ChangedOnly,
    [switch]$SkipSecureChannelCheck
)

$result = [pscustomobject]@{
    ComputerName  = $env:COMPUTERNAME
    Target        = $Target
    DomainJoined  = $null
    SecureChannel = $null
    ExitCode      = $null
    Result        = $null
    Output        = $null
}

$system = Get-CimInstance -ClassName Win32_ComputerSystem
$result.DomainJoined = [bool]$system.PartOfDomain
if (-not $result.DomainJoined) {
    $result.Result = 'Skipped (not domain-joined)'
    return $result
}

if ($Target -ne 'Computer' -and [Security.Principal.WindowsIdentity]::GetCurrent().IsSystem) {
    Write-Warning 'Running as SYSTEM, so the user half of this refresh applies to SYSTEM, not to whoever is signed in.'
}

# A broken trust relationship makes gpupdate fail in confusing ways. Check it up front.
if (-not $SkipSecureChannelCheck -and (Get-Command -Name Test-ComputerSecureChannel -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue)) {
    try { $result.SecureChannel = Test-ComputerSecureChannel -ErrorAction Stop }
    catch { $result.SecureChannel = $false; Write-Verbose "Secure channel test failed: $($_.Exception.Message)" }

    if (-not $result.SecureChannel) {
        $result.Result = 'Failed (no secure channel to the domain)'
        Write-Error 'This computer cannot talk to a domain controller over its secure channel. Fix the trust relationship first.'
        $result
        exit 1
    }
}

$arguments = @("/wait:$WaitSeconds")
if (-not $ChangedOnly) { $arguments = @('/force') + $arguments }
if ($Target -ne 'Both') { $arguments = @("/target:$($Target.ToLower())") + $arguments }

if (-not $PSCmdlet.ShouldProcess($env:COMPUTERNAME, "gpupdate $($arguments -join ' ')")) {
    $result.Result = 'WhatIf'
    return $result
}

Write-Verbose "Running gpupdate $($arguments -join ' ')"
# Pipe "N" so a policy that wants a logoff or reboot doesn't get one.
$output = 'N' | & gpupdate.exe @arguments 2>&1
$result.ExitCode = $LASTEXITCODE
$result.Output   = (@($output | ForEach-Object { "$_".Trim() } | Where-Object { $_ }) | Select-Object -Last 4) -join ' | '
$result.Result   = if ($result.ExitCode -eq 0) { 'Success' } else { 'Failed' }

$result
if ($result.ExitCode -ne 0) { exit $result.ExitCode }